Scientists have long been fascinated by the potential of self-assembly to create artificial structures that mimic the size and complexity of biological cells and organelles. This has driven efforts to build synthetic cell machines for use in research, engineering, and medical applications. Nature recently published four papers addressing this challenge, focusing on expanding DNA self-assembly techniques and improving the design and production of nanostructures.
In nature, self-assembly occurs at multiple levels, from molecular folding and lipid bilayer formation to the development of entire biological systems. Researchers aim to harness these natural processes to construct artificial nanoscale devices. Among biopolymers like DNA, RNA, and proteins, DNA stands out due to its predictable base-pairing, programmability, and compatibility with other biomolecules. These properties make it an ideal building block for creating complex "heterogeneous biomaterials" with precise control over their structure and function.
DNA nanotechnology has made significant progress, with methods such as DNA origami and single-stranded tile (SST) assembly enabling the creation of intricate 2D and 3D nanostructures. However, scaling up these structures to larger sizes remains a challenge. For instance, DNA origami typically uses a long scaffold strand, limiting the size of the resulting structures. Similarly, SST-based assemblies often struggle with scalability and synthesis efficiency.
Recent advancements have aimed to overcome these limitations. Tikhomirov et al. developed a fractal assembly method using square DNA origami units to create large two-dimensional arrays. They also introduced a software tool called FracTile Compiler, which automates the design process. Meanwhile, Wagenbauer et al. used a layered self-assembly approach to fabricate 3D DNA origami structures up to the micron scale, including tubes and polyhedrons. Ong et al. presented a new method for 3D SST assembly, using longer DNA bricks that offer better stability and yield for larger structures.
Praetorius et al. introduced a cost-effective technique for producing DNA origami by using a virus to generate precursor DNA strands, significantly reducing production costs. These innovations pave the way for scalable manufacturing of DNA-based structures, with potential applications in drug delivery, nanoelectronics, and synthetic biology.
Overall, these studies represent major steps forward in the field of DNA-based self-assembly, offering new tools and strategies to build complex, functional nanoscale systems with broad implications for science and technology.
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