Editor's note
Understanding the patent application status of ternary materials is of great significance to China's new energy vehicles and even sustainable development strategies. Ternary materials are widely used in lithium-ion batteries, especially in the positive electrode, which plays a critical role in determining the battery’s energy density, cycle life, and safety. The commercialization of lithium-ion batteries began with layered lithium cobaltate (LCO) developed by Sony in 1990. Over time, other materials such as lithium nickelate (LNO), lithium manganate (LMO), and lithium nickel cobalt manganese oxide (NCM), also known as ternary materials, have been introduced. In 1999, Liu et al. proposed different NCM ratios, and in 2001, Ohzuku and Makimura introduced Li(Ni1/3Co1/3Mn1/3)O2. Ternary materials are also used in nickel-cobalt-aluminum (NCA) systems, such as those used in Tesla's electric vehicles.
Ternary materials offer higher energy density, making them ideal for use in new energy vehicles. With the rapid growth of the global new energy vehicle market, the demand for ternary materials has increased significantly. This paper analyzes the patent landscape of ternary materials using data from the Derwent World Patent Index (DWPI) and the China Patent Abstracts Database (CNABS). It aims to provide insights into the patent applications of key players in this field and assist Chinese applicants in developing their own patent strategies.
The patent application trends show that layered cathode materials dominate the market, with ternary materials accounting for a significant share. The development of ternary materials started slowly but accelerated after 2009, driven by the growing demand for high-energy-density batteries. However, domestic applications in China started later and lagged behind global trends. While foreign companies have made significant progress in ternary material patents, Chinese enterprises still face challenges in securing core patents.
In terms of preparation methods, coprecipitation, solid-state, and sol-gel methods are commonly used. Research on improving electrochemical performance, such as cycle life and rate capability, has been a major focus. However, safety and cost reduction remain areas that require further innovation. Companies like 3M and Argonne National Laboratory hold key patents, creating barriers for Chinese firms. To overcome these challenges, Chinese enterprises must invest more in R&D, strengthen intellectual property protection, and explore niche markets such as battery recycling.
Overall, while there is room for improvement, the future of ternary materials looks promising, especially with increasing investment and technological advancements. By focusing on safety, cost reduction, and intellectual property strategies, Chinese companies can catch up and compete effectively in the global market.
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