The full name of the equalizer is the room equalizer. It's a versatile tool used in audio systems, but often it doesn't perform to its full potential. An equalizer is an electronic device that can adjust the amplification of different frequency components within an electrical signal. By modifying these signals, it helps correct speaker and acoustic imperfections, as well as enhance or modify the sound from various sources. Most mixers come with basic equalizers that allow you to adjust high, mid, and low frequencies separately. In communication systems, an equalizer is inserted into the system to reduce the effects of intersymbol interference.
**Types of Equalizers**
Equalizers are filters placed in the baseband or IF section of a communication system. They help reduce intersymbol interference and improve signal quality. These can be categorized into two main types: frequency domain equalizers and time domain equalizers.
**Frequency Domain Equalizer**
A frequency domain equalizer works by adjusting the frequency response of a filter to match the characteristics of the channel. This ensures that the overall frequency response of the system, including the equalizer, meets the transmission requirements without causing intersymbol interference.
**Time Domain Equalizer**
A time domain equalizer takes a different approach, focusing on the system’s time-domain behavior. The goal is to ensure that the impulse response of the entire system, including the equalizer, satisfies the condition for no inter-symbol interference. While frequency domain equalization meets the Nyquist shaping theorem, it only ensures no interference at the decision point. For this reason, time domain equalizers are more commonly used in digital communications.
Time domain equalizers are further divided into linear and nonlinear types. If the receiver’s decisions are used to adjust the equalizer parameters, it becomes a nonlinear equalizer. Otherwise, it's considered linear. Linear equalizers, such as the linear transversal equalizer, are made up of tapped delay lines spaced at symbol intervals. Nonlinear options include decision feedback equalizers (DFE), maximum likelihood (ML) detectors, and maximum likelihood sequence estimators.
**The Role of the Equalizer**
**1. Use the Equalizer as a Tone Controller**
Recently, I visited a venue for an event and took a look at the sound control room. I noticed that the 31-band equalizer was set in a way that resembled two ends and a middle bottom. When I asked the sound engineer, he said the sound was good like that. I couldn’t help but be surprised. Later, I saw another high-end sound system where all the equalizer sliders were in a straight line. I thought that would lead to a flat frequency response, but that’s not the case.
**2. Use the Equalizer as a Feedback Suppressor**
One day, during a system acceptance, I found that the equalizer had a slider at the bottom at a certain frequency. When I asked the technician, he said it was a howling frequency, and by attenuating it, he could prevent feedback. I tried it right away, but even after increasing the volume, the system still howled. He wasn’t sure what else to do.
**3. Equalizer as a Necessary Part of the Audio System**
With the rise in outdoor events and mobile sound systems, many setups still include an equalizer, and they are usually active. However, most sound engineers don’t fully understand its purpose. A good equalizer can greatly enhance the performance of an audio system, while improper use can cause instability and imbalance.
An equalizer, especially a room equalizer, is designed to compensate for the frequency response of the sound system and the space it’s in. Its main goal is to achieve a relatively flat frequency response. It has no other function. Any attempt to expand its role beyond this is just wishful thinking.
Most common equalizers are graphic types, typically with 31 bands. The position of each slider visually represents the frequency being adjusted and whether it’s boosted or cut. I’ll break down the frequency ranges to explain their impact.
**1. 20Hz–60Hz**
This range gives music a powerful, thunder-like feel. But if boosted too much, it can become muddy and unclear, especially in systems with poor low-frequency response.
**2. 60Hz–250Hz**
This part contains the fundamental rhythm sounds. Boosting it makes the sound fuller, while overdoing it can create a boomy effect. Cutting this range makes the sound thinner.
**3. 250Hz–2kHz**
This range includes low harmonics of instruments. Overboosting can make the sound muffled or resemble a phone call. Too much at 600Hz or 1kHz can sound like a speaker, and too much at 3kHz can mask speech clarity.
**4. 2kHz–4kHz**
This is a mid-range frequency. Boosting it too much can cause listening fatigue and mask speech clarity.
**5. 4kHz–5kHz**
This band adds presence and clarity. Boosting it brings the sound closer, while cutting it makes it feel farther away. Raising it by 6dB can increase the perceived power by about 3dB.
**6. 6kHz–16kHz**
This range affects brightness and clarity. Boosting it can make the sound more powerful but less clear. Cutting it makes the sound clearer but less dynamic.
You can set the equalizer according to a reference curve or adjust it by ear. Let your ears guide you — that’s the most natural and effective way. Don’t force it; it will only damage your listening experience.
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